Dizon prepared his crocodile ‘lechon’ debut last Sunday at his farm. The response was a hit because most of his visitors liked it.

Since then, his farm has been regularly receiving inquiries if they will be preparing more roasted crocodile for serving. With tremendous response from exotic foods aficionados, Dizon intends to prepare or sell roasted crocodile during special occasion.

According to Dizon, his reptiles are not endangered because they are being cultured in their vast crocodile farm along the diversion highway of Barangay Ma-a, in this city.

Aside the city being the home of the endangered Philippine eagle, it has added another feather to the cap in the tourism industry for its exotic cuisine, it has viewed to become another business hit in the food sector.

If the demand of his roasted crocodile warrants, Dizon is eyeing to source crocodiles from other farms nationwide with his farm producing about 200 hatchlings.

The Davao Crocodile Park does not only houses crocodiles but houses birds, snakes and monkeys as well.

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However, defenders of tilapia aquaculture point out that this young and rapidly growing industry, has begun improving standards.

Proponents say tilapia aquaculture will only grow in importance because it provides food and jobs in a world of declining fish stocks and rising population.

Native to African lakes, tilapia was deployed in many poor tropical countries in the second half of the 20th century to control weeds and mosquitoes in lakes and rivers.

By the 1990s, businesses saw opportunity in farming this hearty species. Using selective breeding, scientists created today’s strains: big, fleshy fish with tiny heads and tails and intestines that allow them to absorb food faster.

Farmed tilapia reaches its sales weight of about a kilogram in roughly nine months of intensive feeding.

For shoppers picking of tilapia from China, Honduras or Ecuador, there is little guidance. For the moment Seafood Watch lists tilapia raised in the United States as a ‘best choice,’ fresh tilapia from Latin America as a ‘good alternative’ and frozen tilapia from China as ‘to be avoided.’

Dr. Bridson, aquaculture research manager of the Montery Bay Aquarium in California, said these rough ratings were largely based on the presence of effective monitoring in those places and how farms disposed of their waste.

Many biologists worry that the big business of tilapia farming will outweigh caution, leaving dead lakes and extinct of species due to its inferior fish farming practices.

And much of the tilapia on the world’s market comes from China, whose fish farms are regarded as poorly regulated which is why the industry needs to raise the aquaculture standards in the propagation of tilapia in that country.

China exports the fish frozen and packed in carbon monoxide to preserve color and make the product appear fresh once it is thawed for retail sale.

People willing to pay US$ 3.99 a pound for this frozen stuff from China rather than the locally produced of US$ 5.99 for fresh, especially during this time of recession.

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However, sources who are familiar with the situation have a different perspective.

The real culprit of the problem they say is the overstocking by fish farmers of fish in the many cages around the affected area.

Most fish cage owners overpopulate their cages with fish beyond what is sustainable environmentally for fish survival. The area is so congested that it affects and deteriorates the quality of water around its environs and this could have suffocated the fish.

Besides, there was no monitoring done by a responsible government agency that would regulate the fish cage owners activities if what they were doing still in accordance to the norms and sound practices of fish farming, to prevent any deliberate pollution and at the same time preserve the integrity of the area.

For business entrepreneurs fish farming is one of the most lucrative short term investment that one can make considering the high market demand for consumers of fish products.

The ROI is so good, that for a short period of time of their investment investors can get hold of their money back with profits easily with not much risks.

The problem lies if the investor operators are motivated by greed and want some more profits of their short term investment, they can deliberately spare fish environs quality by quantity through overstocking and this could have caused the massive fish kill.

With what had happened, this serves as a lesson not only to fish farmer investors but to all other business venture investors, that to earn moderately is a virtue but to earn more than what is enough is greed, with tragic catastrophic repercussion.

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And it is still popular in the provinces of Ifugao, Benguet, Mountain Province, Kalinga-Apayao, and Abra in northern Philippines.

The rare and diminutive fish dojo is a delicacy, highly sought and an essential ingredient of ifugao cuisine.

The Ifugao Terraces Commission (ITC) is popularizing the cultivation of the dojo, not only as a supplementary source of protein but as an important part of the Ifugao rice culture.

According to Juan Dait, head of the ITC, dojo population is dwindling and they are propagating it so it would remain as part of the local rice-fish culture.

Indeed, a water depth of 25 to 30 centimeters is maintained in the rice terraces for the purpose of cultivating the dojo. It is also the reason why Ifugao farmers do not use chemical fertilizers in rice cultivation.

The dojo has adapted to the particular ecosystem of the IFugao rice terraces. The fish is quite difficult to catch because it burrows on soft mud and as a survivor they are tempered with adverse environment.

An accessory breathing organ is used during dry season when the dojo is buried in mud or moist earth it remains inactive over prolonged periods. When the wet season comes, the dojo wriggles free.

It is usually harvested by draining the water in the terraces or with the use of bamboo fish trap called “bubo” baited with cooked rice, boiled camote and mixed with rice bran. Farmers, on average, harvest around 380 kilos of dojo per hectare in rice fish culture.

The dojo at maturity, its sleek body measures 12 to 20 centimeters long with an average diameter of around 2 centimeters.

The dojo is cultured during the rainy months of August to December. In the rice fish farms of Ifugao, the water is fertilized with pig manure mixed with rice straw compost or sunflower tops.

In the Cordilleras, the dojo spawns from May to August. About 10,000 eggs are produced by a single female. The males are distinguished from the females by the presence of a bone-like protuberance in the pectoral fin which is used for mating.

The eggs are fertilized in the water and adhere to the stalks of rice plants. Under normal field conditions (with an average temperature of 25 degrees Centigrade), the eggs hatch after 20 to 50 hours.

With its slender body, the dojo looks like an eel but for its bright color and the presence of short feelers or barbells around its oval shaped mouth.

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More products that had been derived from seaweed were presented through the Seaweed Utilization Research and Development Program of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST) and the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD).
Most of these seaweed products have been found to be user and environmentally friendly.

The following are more beneficial products that can be derived from seaweed:

*** A seaweed based air freshener that makes use of fresh floral scents, made of gel that is easy to handle and to pack.

*** Pastille from the polysaccharides of the eucheuma seaweed and throat soothing substances.

*** Fruity cubes, a fruity flavored candies that have a gummy texture.

*** Transparent soap that uses carrageenan (a seaweed derivative) as gelling agent which may also serve as a base for antibacterial, bleaching or dermatological soaps.

*** Liquid soap or shampoo, uses an algal polysaccharides as foam stabilizer and viscosity enhancer.

*** Dishwashing soap, uses carrageenan gelling, has a moderate foaming properties but cleans like commercially available detergents and is soft and mild to use.

*** Ointment, a water soluble ointment with menthol and camphor which has a positive soothing effect as active ingredients.

*** Suppository base, replaces emulsifiers/binders, gelatin used in making suppositories.

Some of these products have already been patented while the others have to undergo further thorough tests and studies.

The potential uses of seaweed for the food market is even wider. The Marine Science Institute (MSI) of the University of the Philippines, Diliman, has produced a low calorie jelly spread incorporating carrageenan and aspartame.

This reduces the amount of sugar in regular jelly spread by half. A ready to use piping jelly for cake decorations uses carrageenan as viscosity enhancer. It has a pleasing, translucent like appearance.

An instant gum paste is a mixture of sugars and alginate powder that can be rehydrated with a small amount of water to form a pliant and moldable paste for cake decorations.

Carrageenan and aspartame again combine to reduce the calorie value of maple syrup. And a low cholesterol flan is made of carrageenan and just one egg.

Food grade carrageenan has been produced mainly in Europe and in the United States for more than 30 years by subjecting certain red seaweeds to conventional refining process.

The new technology for refining eucheuma seaweeds was develoed in Japan and later adopted in the Philippines.

The Philippine Natural Grade (PNG) carrageenan was marketed in other countries as a new class of food additive carrageenan.

The Philippines emerged as a heavy exporter of refined carrageenan that competed with the giant US and European manufacturers.

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The use of retonone to eliminate freshwater bodies of wild and stunted fish populations is common in the United States.

In the Philippines, dried and powdered tubli root offers a safer alternative to costly chemical pesticides in eliminating fish predators and competitors in brackish water fishpond.

In a test pond, 10 and 20 parts per million (ppm) of tubli fine root powder has been proven effective in killing unwanted species of fish and crustaceans in fishponds.

It has been found to be toxic to 14 species of fish but is tolerated by prawns up to 30 ppm. It has been used by some fishpond operators in the treatment of their fishponds.

“For lack of a better alternative, local fishpond operators have traditionally used insecticides and saponin from teaseed cake in pond management but these are imported and expensive,” said Dr. Rafael Guerrero, director of the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD).

Guerrero and colleagues at PCAMRD looked at the proper concentrations of tubli that is more suitable for local conditions. They found that fish exposed to the fine root powder at 10 and 20 ppm died faster than those treated with coarse powder at the same concentrations.

“Because of the environmental hazards and import constraints for insecticides and teaseed cake, there is a need for a safer and more practical alternative,” Guerrero said. “Tubli is feasible under local conditions because of its availability, practicality and safe features.” he added.

In Albay, Tubli roots were dried and chopped into 2 centimeter pieces and oven dried at 60 degrees centigrade and ground in a laboratory pulverizer. Coarse powder was produced using no. 15 sieve and for fine powder using no. 40 sieve.

In a 200 square meter earthen fishpond a total of 200 grams of tubli root fine powder is required in the treatment of the pond.

The tubli roots powder for fish control in ponds was recently presented by PCAMRD, it was funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology (DoST).

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It has been considered as the green bay mussel capital of Eastern Visayas, supplying the biggest volume of tahong for Cebu, Davao and Manila.

Traditionally, the seafood can be prepared and served in various ways not discounting that it is one of the local favorites because of its palatability, its nutritive value and it is affordably cheap.

The health benefits of tahong or green bay mussel is that, it is rich in calcium, iodine, iron, phosphorus, copper, protein, carbohydrates and vitamins A, B B2 and C.

There is something that the lowly tahong could offer this time because it has now grown a potential industry that has diversified into the production of processed tahong.

Data from the Office of Provincial Agriculturist and Department of Trade and Industry in Samar showed that there were around 160 hectares devoted for tahong farming in Jiabong which produced a total of approximately 6,432 metric tons of tahong valued at Pph 32.2 million pesos (US $748,837 dollars)

With the bulk of quantity available, Jiabong residents were able to process them into tahong crackers, a crunchy snack made from ground tahong flesh mixed with flour and spices and then deep fried in oil.

The tahong crackers they have produced can be a healthy alternative snack food as it contains no artificial ingredients and preservatives.

Aside from producing tahong crackers, it can also be bottled into tahong adobo, bottled sisi or fermented and other marine products that can be marketed alongside.

The discarded tahong shells are not wasted at all because there are ready buyers in Cebu who are willing to take them as their materials in decorative shell craft making and the rejected ones goes to the feed millers where the tahong shells is pulverized and mix them with other ingredients in the formulation of livestock feeds.

The good thing is that tahong has been chosen as Jiabong’s commodity product for the “One Town, One Product” program of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the local government which helped not only the tahong processors but the tahong farmers as well in Jiabong in terms of marketing and promotions.

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BFAR started with only two seacages measuring 10 meters by 10 meters. These were stocked with 10,000 to 20,000 bangus (milkfish) fingerlings which were cultured for 120 days.

The result was the fish attained a weight of 500 grams after four months. A 100 square meter cage then, could easily produced 5 to 10 tons of bangus in that short period of time. That’s more than the harvest from a hectare of fishpond under the extensive culture system.

BFAR is aggressively pursuing the project for the sake of providing livelihood to the small scale fishermen but also provide investment opportunities to commercial operators as well.

According to assistant director of BFAR, Gil Adora, the idea is to create protected coastal zones into production areas not only of high value fish species but also seaweeds, oysters, mussels, seahorses and others in coral reefs and sea grass area.

The development of mariculture parks provide opportunities to small scale fishermen and promise to be the answer to the continuing depletion of fish catch in our marine waters that threatens the livelihood of fisherfolks in our coastal communities.

With the establishment of mariculture parks, small scale fishermen benefited from the facility of not going out to sea anymore to catch fish but can now grow fish in cages. The government provides the cages which can be rented by the fishermen and the payment of the rent can be made after harvests of the fish.

According to Adora, sea cage culture of bangus (milkfish) is profitable, after it has deducted the cost of feeds, fingerlings and other incidentals, the net profit from one cage in a culture period of 120 days is Php 80,000 pesos (US $ 1860) to Php 90,000 pesos (US $ 2093) for one cage, although there are those who can operate as much as 10 to 20 fish cages at a time.

The government, aside from providing the facilities, it has brought together investors that could provide the requirements for the total development of the business in marine products. The private sector can invest not only in seacages for fish production but they could also invest in cold storage facilities, ice plant, processing plant, feed supplies, fingerling supplies and other infrastructures.

There are three segments in the mariculture park. The first is for the small scale fisherman who don’t have the money to set up their own cages but the government has provided them their needs. The second are those entrepreneurs who have money to spend but not enough to put up all the infrastructures such as moorings for the cages. The third is where the big investors pay for all costs of the development.

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Previously, fisherman has to scour the fishing ground for long hours and going farther away from the shore before they can catch anything.

With the payao installation in a predetermined location of their fishing area, they can spend less fuel in their fishing expedition.

Aside from shortening the time of fishing to 4 hours and they can be able to catch from 20 to 50 kilos of fish for each installed payao.

The installation of payao in some coastal areas in the Philippines, is not only a livelihood assistance being distributed but is also one of the measures implemented by Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) to mitigate the ill effects of El niño.

Basically, payao has three functional parts, the floating platform, the anchorage part of it and the attractant section or habong in the local dialect.

The attractant is usually composed of coconut fronds that hang from a rope connected to the floater. The floater or the floating platform itself is usually made up of a hollow metal or plastic drums or a bamboo raft.

This is secured by a cable line attached to an anchor weight made of concrete. Payaos can be set both in shallow water and deep sea areas.

According to Aquaculturist Venchito Villarao, marine fisheries expert of BFAR, payao works by taking advantage of the behavior of fish desiring to be closed to floating solid objects.

The payao serves as a localized food chain or food web. The algae or “lumut” that grows on the habong or the attractant section, attracts small fishes and the small fishes on the other hand will attract bigger fishes.

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Two types of marine pearls are produced for the market which is still much controlled by Japan. The akoya pearls which are cultured in Japan and China are smaller with diameter of three to six millimeters, and are less expensive than the larger South Seas pearls produced in Australia and other countries.

The technology for the culture of pearls is now quite open and accessible to small scale farmers. The technique of grafting a nucleus and with a piece of mantle tissue into the gonad of a full grown oyster for a formation of a pearl through the layering of nacre of “mother of pearl,” however, requires skill.

There are special instruments needed for the operations. Two kinds of oysters are used for commercial production, namely: The silver-lip oyster (Pinctada Maxima) that produces white pearl and the black-lip oyster (Pinctada Margaritifera) that produces black pearl.

Wild oyster stocks are collected from deep sea breeding grounds. With the big demand for the oysters, the decline in the supply of natural stocks have badly affected the industry.

The brood stocks from the wild are made to spawn in the laboratory for the production of baby oysters known as spat which are then reared in grow-out structures suspended three to five meters below the sea.

It takes about two years before the young can grow to a size suitable for pearl production. After implanting the nucleus, the oysters are kept in net baskets that are hung from raft or floats at a depth of six to ten meters.

The oysters are regularly cleaned of fouling organisms every three to four months up to two years. To check whether pearls are being formed or not, some companies use x-ray machines in examining oysters.

Only about forty percent of the grafted oysters produced pearls. Of the pearls that are produced, only fifteen percent will be round or semi-round which command the best prices while seventy seven percent will be of the “baroque” type which have lower value because of their irregular shape and seven and one half percent will not be saleable.

The retail price of for an eleven millimeter high quality black pearl is about US $1200 dollars. Though pearl farming is a lucrative industry, not all is well, due to pollution and it has wipe out fifty percent of its cultured stocks in Japan.

Viral diseases, typhoons and erratic sea temperature brought about by El Niño and algal blooms can also devastate pearl farms.

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